Dudley was Sir Henry Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own favourite, whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control. A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill on 15 June, but there was no battle, as Mary's forces dwindled away through desertion during negotiations. Through his parents, he had claims to both the Scottish and English thrones, and from his marriage in 1565 he was king consort of Scotland. [240], Assessments of Mary in the 16th century divided between Protestant reformers such as George Buchanan and John Knox, who vilified her mercilessly, and Catholic apologists such as Adam Blackwood, who praised, defended and eulogised her. Not content with his position as king consort, he demanded the Crown Matrimonial, which would have made him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself, if he outlived his wife. 5. [11] Rumours spread that she was weak and frail,[12] but an English diplomat, Ralph Sadler, saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, unwrapped by her nurse Jean Sinclair, and wrote, "it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age, and as like to live. This fear-driven logic even extended to the queens potential offspring: As she once told Marys advisor William Maitland, Princes cannot like their own children. Link will appear as Hanson, Marilee. 04 July 2022 | The story of the three husbands of Mary Queen of Scots: Francis II of France, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the Low Countries and illegitimate half-brother of Philip II of Spain, John of Austria, who was supposed to organise the invasion of England from the Spanish Netherlands. They claimed Riccio had undue influence over her foreign policy but, in reality, they probably meant to cause Mary, from watching this horrific crime, to suffer a miscarriage, thus losing her child and her own life as well since one usually meant the other in the 16th century. A Huguenot uprising in France, the Tumult of Amboise, made it impossible for the French to send further support. Her height emphasized Marys seemingly innate queenship: Enthroned as Scotlands ruler at just six days old, she spent her formative years at the French court, where she was raised alongside future husband Francis II. [250] Mary's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy.[251]. On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he may have raped her. Mary married Francois in 1558. In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the garden. [95], Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords Argyll and Glencairn, in open rebellion. In 1561, Mary, Queen of Scots, upset the applecart of the Protestant Reformation. Mary was 5 when she first met the four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband. This legendary statement came true much later not through Mary, but through her great-great-granddaughter Anne, Queen of Great Britain. [91] Their children, if any, would inherit an even stronger, combined claim. 3 And though Marys father, James V, reportedly made a deathbed prediction that the Stuart dynasty, which came with a lassMarjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Brucewould also pass with a lass, the woman who fulfilled this prophecy was not the infant James left his throne to, but her descendant Queen Anne, whose 1714 death marked the official end of the dynastic line. The History Press | The diabolical death of Henry, Lord Darnley [119], In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to return to Edinburgh. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, Mary was six days old when her father died and she inherited the throne. [41], Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, oval-shaped head, a long, graceful neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, smooth pale skin, a high forehead, and regular, firm features. [72] In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant lords, while also following a policy that strengthened her links with England. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought. [158] They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shared the guilt for Darnley's murder. He was superficially charming and, unlike most men, taller than the queen. So she consented to wed Bothwell, hoping that this would finally stabilize the country. She also offered to join an offensive league against France. Mary, Queen Of Scots: The Tragic True Story Of The Doomed Mary Stuart Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians. For nineteen years she was kept under lock and key until she was finally executed in 1587 for conspiring against Elizabeth. Moray had sent a messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy of the proceedings from the town's registers. In the immediate aftermath of Darnleys murder, he met with Mary about six miles outside of Edinburgh. ), Mary was a Catholic queen in a largely Protestant state, but she formed compromises that enabled her to maintain authority without infringing on the practice of either religion. The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through using the axe. Mary's illegitimate half-brother, the Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestants. [107], Mary's son by Darnley, James, was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle. [196] To discredit Mary, the casket letters were published in London. Here are 10 facts about Mary Queen of Scots. Mary married a total of three times. Regardless of whether sexual attraction, love or faith in Bothwell as her protector against the feuding Scottish lords guided Marys decision, her alignment with him cemented her downfall. Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland. Marys mother Marie de Guise had arranged the marriage when Mary and Francis were infants, and so Mary was brought up knowing she would one day be queen of France and Scotland. Mary's husband, Francis II, ruled in France for only a little over a year, dying in December 1560. Telling the queen that he had kidnapped her for her own safety, Mary was either raped by Bothwell or agreed to consummate her relationship with him (accounts vary) and on 15 May the pair were married at Holyrood Palace. She fled to England and begged in letters for her cousin Elizabeth's support and help regaining her throne. [133], Originally, Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage, but relations quickly soured between the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney) and his former peers and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular. Margaret was Henry VIII's older sister so Mary was Henry VIII's great-niece. Expert webinar 9 May, 6.30pm. Kristen Post Walton outlines a middle ground between these extremes, noting that Marys Catholic faith and gender worked against her throughout her reign. [123] There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body. Who was Mary, Queen of Scots? - National Museums Scotland Reign of Elizabeth I of England . Her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I held her. Explore the story of Mary's three husbands. [188] She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision,[189] spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton, and spent much of her time doing embroidery. Above: Replica of the tomb of Mary, Queen of Scots. Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart, Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy: Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Politics of Gender and Religion, Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, The True Story of the Koh-i-Noor Diamondand Why the British Won't Give It Back. Mary, Queen of Scots, towered over her contemporaries in more ways than one. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son. [20] The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother to Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men. She was thought to be dying. This is a painting of Mary Queen of Scots (1542-1587), and her second husband Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1545/46-1567). James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month, he married Mary. Unfortunately, this choice turned out to be very poorly thought out; instead of safety, Mary became a prisoner of her cousin the queen. Also, Bothwell showed Mary an agreement the nobles had signed which indicated they were prepared to accept him as their overlord. The authenticity of the letters, now known only by copies, continues to be debated. Unlike her Scottish counterpart, whose position as the only legitimate child of James V cemented her royal status, Elizabeth followed a protracted path to the throne. [14] Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him. Mary, Queen of Scots, may have been the monarch who got her head chopped off, but she eventually proved triumphant in a roundabout way: After Elizabeth died childless in 1603, it was Marys son, James VI of Scotland and I of England, who ascended to the throne as the first to rule a united British kingdom. "[117] Darnley feared for his safety, and after the baptism of his son at Stirling and shortly before Christmas, he went to Glasgow to stay on his father's estates. [78] Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. [76], Mary then turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe. "[9] His House of Stuart had gained the throne of Scotland in the 14th century via the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. In October, she was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen,[209] including Cecil, Shrewsbury, and Walsingham. Facts about the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. It was reached by two or three steps, and furnished with the block, a cushion for her to kneel on, and three stools for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were there to witness the execution. [120] Mary visited him daily, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, Mary was six days old when her father died and she inherited the throne. Meilan Solly [109] The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards. Potential diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress,[112] haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer,[113] and porphyria. [56] In early 1560, the Protestant Lords invited English troops into Scotland in an attempt to secure Protestantism. [143] Managing to raise an army of 6,000 men, she met Moray's smaller forces at the Battle of Langside on 13 May. In the absence of Lennox and with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April. [193] Early the following year, Moray was assassinated. Aged five Mary Queen of Scots was sent to France by her mother Marie of Guise because she was contracted to marry Francis (Francois), the eldest son of King Henri II of France and Catherine de Medici. [25] The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's "Rough Wooing", a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. Queen of Scots Mary Biography - life, children, death, wife, mother Mary would go back to claim her throne in Scotland, leaving Charles Franciss younger brother who was only 10 years old at the time-to inherit his brothers title and position as king. Did Mary, Queen of Scots' Husband Have a Gay Affair? - People [32], With her marriage agreement in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court. [96] Mary set out from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them. Advertising Notice 'Deciphering Mary Stuarts lost letters from 1578-1584', "Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/61567)", "Deciphering Mary Stuart's Lost Letters to Michel de Castelnau Mauvissire", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&oldid=1152038397, People executed by Tudor England by decapitation, People executed under the Tudors for treason against England, Heads of government who were later imprisoned, Kingdom of Scotland expatriates in France, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 19:51. The denouement of Mary and Elizabeths decades-long power struggle is easily recalled by even the most casual of observers: On February 8, 1587, the deposed Scottish queen knelt at an execution block, uttered a string of final prayers, and stretched out her arms to assent to the fall of the headsmans axe. Instead, its more likely the queens attitudes toward each other were dictated largely by changing circumstance. Who were the husbands of Mary Queen of Scots? Part 1 - YouTube [77] Her own attempt to negotiate a marriage to Don Carlos, the mentally unstable heir apparent of King Philip II of Spain, was rebuffed by Philip.

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